Reduced relative & participle clauses
Clauses & LinkingDrop the relative pronoun + be: '-ing' for active meaning, past participle for passive meaning.
Reduce: 'The man who is standing by the door…'
Reduce: 'The files that were deleted yesterday…'
Supplementary support for language you've already met in the course. Nothing here is a required stage — use it whenever a point needs more work.
Quick checks drawn from the Grammar Bank. Try it, then reveal.
Drop the relative pronoun + be: '-ing' for active meaning, past participle for passive meaning.
Reduce: 'The man who is standing by the door…'
Reduce: 'The files that were deleted yesterday…'
Put a negative or restrictive adverbial first, then invert subject and auxiliary: Not only did she…, Rarely have I…, No sooner had we….
Invert: 'I have never seen anything like it.'
Invert: 'She not only writes, she also illustrates.'